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Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues and organs, causing widespread inflammation and damage. The most common form is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which can affect multiple parts of the body, including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, and brain. Other forms include cutaneous lupus, drug-induced lupus, and neonatal lupus.

Symptoms of lupus vary widely and often occur in cycles of flares and remission. Common signs include fatigue, joint pain and swelling, skin rashes—especially the characteristic butterfly-shaped rash across the face—fever, and sensitivity to sunlight. Because symptoms can mimic those of other conditions, lupus can be difficult to diagnose and often requires a combination of clinical evaluation, blood tests, and imaging studies.

While there is no cure for lupus, treatment focuses on controlling symptoms, reducing inflammation, and preventing organ damage. Therapies may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, antimalarial drugs, immunosuppressants, and biologic therapies. Lifestyle modifications, such as stress management and sun protection, also play an important role in disease management.

Advances in immunology and targeted therapies are improving outcomes for lupus patients. Early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and ongoing medical care are essential for managing lupus and maintaining quality of life.